The former player: 'I really hoped to continue my rugby career'
Important note: This article includes details of racially offensive language and behaviour
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell claims that speaking out to expose racism in rugby union led his career to an premature conclusion.
In a June 2022, Burrell characterized racism as being "rife" in the game, displaying digital communications and recalling training ground "comments" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
At that time 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what happened," he told media outlets.
"I really hoped to carry on competing, of course I did. I pursued that, and it fell through when news came out that there were investigations underway.
"This situation was challenging - I had to simply come to terms with the fate and understand that this entire process is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body investigation in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "on the balance of probability", but stated it could not gather enough proof to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly overlooked for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell told media he also faced discrimination within the England set-up, during a Test career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his first game in 2014.
"I have had several traumatic experiences within the national team," he stated.
"Some discrimination and other just old-school mentality that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's experience.
"This is something that has been disguised as banter and that's been the problem that I've personally suffered and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"Over a extended period you just learn to think that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was eventually motivated to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sun cream on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's revelations had led to "increased scrutiny at the environment within the elite game and to the introduction of an strategy for the professional game."
"The organization has placed considerable attention on inclusion and diversity in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and since Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his experiences of racism and classism," it added.
"The organization are continuing work with clubs and partners in the elite level to strive for a culture of acceptance but acknowledge this requires patience and is an continuous effort."
All Premiership and PWR club now has in-person training on building inclusive environments, with its effectiveness monitored via individual reports and feedback.
All England athletes, including youth squads, are trained in being "engaged observers" to step in and protect others from harmful conduct.
"You should be so proud of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"I know it has had this impact on you and finished your career, but in our eyes, you have achieved so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff died soon after the filming of the film, and his sister died recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in his hometown, maintains his work to make the sport more open.
His 12 Foundation works to reach children in disadvantaged communities and support them thrive both on the pitch with complimentary sports training, mentoring and nutrition education.
"My intentions are pure, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if nobody else is willing to share their experience then I'll continue to advocate for that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he said.
"Everyone involved have an responsibility to make the sport as great as it can be and the more I speak about it perhaps the more comfortable others will become about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I take the challenge by the opportunity and continue carrying this banner and continue carrying this weight and accomplish what I can to create possibilities and make the sport more appealing and more welcoming.
"There's a lot of disadvantaged young people and a lot of economic hardship and I sincerely believe that the sport has the potential to change their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in November 2022